Financial Analysis of Cadbury Schweppes Essay

The capital structure of Cadbury Schweppes based on its 2006 balance sheet shows that the company uses more debt than equity to finance its operations. The company’s debt to total stockholders equity ratio of the company is more than fifty percent, while its debt to equity ratio is at 1. 30. A high debt to equity ratio means that the company relies heavily in debt financing. A high debt to equity ratio does not necessarily mean that the company has poor financial leverage because there are industries that are capital intensive which requires companies to incur large amounts of debt to finance its operations. One such industry is the automobile industry, where a debt to equity ratio of two is still considered acceptable. In the case of Cadbury Schweppes, the company is engaged in manufacturing candy, chocolate and drinks. It is an industry which is not as capital intensive as the car manufacturing industry so its debt to equity ratio maybe too high. The company has been undergoing changes in its operations over the years. It has gradually moved out of its investments that do not fall within its core business which is confectionery and beverage. While it disposed of some of its incompatible businesses, it continued to expand its confectionery and beverage operations. These acquisitions, particularly those made in the United States can be the reason for its large debt. Debt is used by the company to increase its operations and, as a consequence, increase its profits. The company’s performance has been increasingly growing every year, so it is possible that the company has determined that the cost of expending the operations which is in the form of interest payments is much lower than the benefits incurred in the form of increase in sales. Having a large amount of is extremely detrimental to the company if it is unable to recoup the cost of the debt; this is not the case of Cadbury Schweppes. The dividend yield ratio measures the amount of income received by each share of stock with the cost of such share. The dividend yield ratio necessarily varies over time because the market value of share changes as it is traded. A comparison of dividend yield ratio over time can be used to gauge if the performance of the company is improving, but this ratio should not be analyzed on its own. It must be analyzed together with other factors such as the market value of the share. A company with a low dividend yield can mean that the company’s share is priced highly by the market and does not necessarily mean that the company is unable to make dividend payments. On the other hand, high dividend yield can mean that the company’s share has a very low market value and not because it is able to give its shareholders large amounts of dividends. The company has a dividend yield of 2. 30% and it share has a market value ranging from 51. 5 to 51. 6. Based on this figures, it is apparent that its dividend yield is not because of the extremely high or low market value of its share. The price/earnings ratio of the company, on the other hand, is seen by investors as a gauge of how much the market values the company’s share. In this company’s case, it has a price earning of 24. 22. This number is very close to the industry’s average. This means that the company is competitive with other members of the industry and is generally viewed by the investing community as a good investment. Based on its dividend yield and price/earnings ratio, the company is able to compensate stockholders despite its large debts. This is probably because the earnings of the company is divided by a smaller number of shares than if the company chose to finance its operation by equity rather than debt. The large shareholders of the company are Franklin Resources, Inc. and Legal and General with shares ownership amounting to 4. 01% and 3. 47%.

The Red Wheelbarrow Analysis

The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. The Red Wheelbarrow Summary Our speaker reflects on how important a certain red wheelbarrow is. This wheelbarrow is wet from a recent rain, and there happen to be white chickens hanging out with the wheelbarrow. The End. The Red Wheelbarrow Summary Line 1 so much depends * Our speaker doesn't say â€Å"much depends† or â€Å"things depend† or â€Å"I depend,† he says â€Å"so much depends. † That â€Å"so† makes us feel the gravity of the situation. It's as though our speaker really wants and needs to drive the point home. The verb â€Å"depends† is a strong one too, and one that suggest a that whatever is being depended upon is a pretty big deal. Line 2 upon * â€Å"Upon† – what a pretty preposition. And an important one too. So important, in fact, that it gets its very own line. * Visually (o n the page) the first line of the poem (which is way longer than this line) actually looks like it's resting upon the â€Å"upon† of line two. The first line  depends  upon this second line. Hehe. Line 3 a red wheel * A brand new couplet. We're dying to know what â€Å"so much† depends upon – drum roll, please. So much depends upon â€Å"a red wheel. † * A red wheel?We haven't seen too many red wheels in our days. * The use of the word â€Å"red† really gets our imaginations going, for some reason. We hear the word â€Å"red† all the time, but for some reason, this color really sticks out in this poem. Why do you think that is? Line 4 barrow * Oh! It's a red â€Å"wheelbarrow,† not a red wheel. Our speaker just chose to split the word â€Å"wheel† and â€Å"barrow† up and didn't put a dash between them. * By splitting up the two pieces of this word, our speaker makes us think about the fact that a wheelbarrow is comp osed of two distinct parts: the wheel and the barrow (the part you load stuff into).In some ways, we feel like this couplet looks like a wheelbarrow. * OK, now that we've figured out what â€Å"so much† depends upon, we're dying to know what kinds of things depend upon a red wheelbarrow. Um, dirt could depend upon a wheelbarrow. Six-year-olds who like to be pushed around in wheelbarrows could depend upon a wheelbarrow. A person who likes to do heavy gardening could depend upon a wheelbarrow. * What else could depend upon a wheelbarrow? It might help to do some research on wheelbarrows. Apparently, they've been around for almost 2,500 years and were invented in Ancient Greece. Why is it important that this particular wheelbarrow is â€Å"red†? The redness factor seems to play a huge part in just how cool this wheelbarrow is. Line 5 glazed with rain * A new couplet! * The word â€Å"glazed† makes us think of a shiny, glossy, glassy surface. Our wheelbarrow is spar kly from the rain. * Who left this VIP wheelbarrow out in the rain? Talk about neglect. If we owned a red wheelbarrow upon which much depended, we would take better care of it. * But the idea that it is â€Å"glazed with rain† makes us think that it looks pretty snappy. Line 6 water Again, we have a one-word line, making it seem like the first line of this couplet (line 5)  depends  upon this section line. * Again, our speaker decides to split up the word â€Å"rainwater† into its equal parts: â€Å"rain† and â€Å"water. † Why would he do this? Perhaps to remind us that rain is composed of water? Line 7 beside the white * A new couplet! Here, we're introduced to yet another snappy preposition: â€Å"beside. † * We're given some more information about where our red wheelbarrow is and about the things around it. Apparently, our red wheelbarrow is standing beside something white. Talk about one colorful poem. We see the color â€Å"white† all the time in our daily lives, but there's something special about this â€Å"white,† just as there is something special about the wheelbarrow's â€Å"red. † These colors are sticking out in our minds. Line 8 chickens * The wheelbarrow is not alone! Thank heavens. There are chickens to hang out with. * We think it is interesting that the speaker refers to these chickens as â€Å"the white chickens† and not as â€Å"some white chickens† or â€Å"the chickens. † He wants to describe them very carefully and very precisely. These are some special chickens. Again, the second line of this couplet looks (visually) as though it were holding up or supporting the first line, emphasizing the idea that so much depends upon the wheelbarrow. * Are these chickens part of the â€Å"so much† that depends upon the red wheelbarrow? What kind of relationship do you think these chickens have with said wheelbarrow? In a Station of the Metro|   | by  Ezra Po und| | The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough. | | | | | In a Station of the Metro Summary A man sees a bunch of faces in the subway and thinks they look like flowers on a tree branch. In a Station of the Metro† Summary Line 1 The apparition of these faces in the crowd; * The poet is watching faces appear in a crowded metro (subway) station. * You wouldn’t know it only from reading the poem, but we’re in Paris, which means that everyone looks really nice. * The poet is trying to get us to see things from his perspective, and the word â€Å"apparition† suggests that the faces are becoming visible to him very suddenly and probably disappearing just as fast. They almost look like ghosts. If you’ve ever been in a crowded subway, then you’re probably familiar with this phenomenon. By calling them â€Å"these faces,† he puts us right there in the metro station, as if he were pointing his finger and saying, â €Å"Look! † * The station must be pretty full, because there is a â€Å"crowd. † Line 2 Petals on a wet, black bough. * Although he doesn’t say so, the words â€Å"looks like† are implicit at the start of this line. The faces in the crowd â€Å"look like† flower petals on a â€Å"wet, black bough. † * A â€Å"bough† is a big tree branch, and the word, in case you’re wondering, is pronounced â€Å"bow,† as in â€Å"take a bow. † * When is a tree branch wet and black?Probably at night, after the rain. A Paris subway, on the other hand, is always wet and black. * Now, we’re going out on a limb here (pun! ), but he may be seeing the faces reflected in a puddle over black asphalt. Or it could just be a more general sense of wetness. At any rate, the faces in the subway are being compared to flowers on a tree branch. * Another fact to keep in mind is that Japan is famous for its beautiful flowering trees, and con sidering that this poem is written in Japanese  haiku  style . . . well, heck, he might just be thinking of a Japanese tree. HelenBY  H. D. All Greece hates the still eyes in the white face, the lustre as of olives where she stands, and the white hands. All Greece reviles the wan face when she smiles, hating it deeper still when it grows wan and white, remembering past enchantments and past ills. Greece sees unmoved, God’s daughter, born of love, the beauty of cool feet and slenderest knees, could love indeed the maid, only if she were laid, white ash amid funereal cypresses. Summary: The narrator praises  Helen  for her beauty, which he compares to a ship bringing a â€Å"weary, wayworn wanderer† to his home.Her classic beauty has reminded him of ancient times, and he watches her stand like a statue while holding a stone lamp. Analysis: In â€Å"To Helen,† first published in 1831 and revised in later years, Poe displays an early interest in the theme of female beauty to which his later works often return. He wrote this poem in honor of Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Rob, although he later wrote a different, longer poem of the same name to Sarah Helen Whitman. Jane Stanard had recently died, and, through his writing, Poe sought to thank her for acting as a second mother to him.The Helen of the 1831 poem embodies a classic beauty and poise, and by using Jane Stanard as the inspiration, Poe celebrated the latter woman as one of his earliest loves. Although Poe never explained why he changed Jane Stanard's name to Helen in the poem, one possible interpretation is that he intended to connect her to the famed Helen of Troy, who sparked the Trojan War of Homer's  Iliad  because of her beauty. The remainder of the poem shows a definite classical influence, with Poe's elevated diction and his direct references to â€Å"the glory that was Greece† and â€Å"the grandeur that was Rome. He also praises Hel en's beauty by describing her â€Å"hyacinth hair† and â€Å"classic face,† details that are associated with ancient standards of the female ideal. If Poe indeed intended for the name â€Å"Helen† to refer to Helen of Troy, then he has given his character high praise indeed. Along with the ambiguity of Helen's name, the identity of the narrator is also in question, as he does not have a name or much of a physical presence. He refers to himself as the alliterative â€Å"weary, wayworn wanderer† who has returned home, drawn to Helen's alluring and comforting hearth.Poe may have intended the narrator to be a direct reflection of himself, who as a boy felt more welcome in Jane Stanard's house than in other environments. At the same time, he may have sought to depict the narrator as an archetypal man, who like all other men found a nurturing source in a woman's home. Otherwise, the narrator might be akin to a victorious Greek warrior who, like Homer's Odysseus , has returned from some struggle overseas. The role of the female in â€Å"To Helen† is multifaceted.In one sense, Helen guards the home hearth in the traditional domestic role of caregiver while displaying a faithful attachment that recalls the idealized love of  Annabel Lee  in Poe's eponymous 1849 poem. Simultaneously, Helen is the protagonist's guide and inspiration who brings him back from the lonely seas, and her depiction as â€Å"statue-like† with an â€Å"agate lamp† characterizes her as steadfast and dependable. Finally, there are mentions of Naiads, or ancient Greek water nymphs, and Psyche, the mythological woman who represents the soul and who marries Eros, the god of love.These twin allusions emphasize the concordance between Helen's outer and inner beauty. As is typical with many of Poe's poems, the rhythm and rhyme scheme of â€Å"To Helen† is irregular but musical in sound. The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each, where the end rhyme of the first stanza is ABABB, that of the second is ABABA, and that of the third is ABBAB. Poe uses soothing, positive words and rhythms to create a fitting tone and atmosphere for the poem. His concluding image is that of light, with a â€Å"brilliant window niche† and the agate lamp suggesting the glowing of the â€Å"Holy Land,† for which Helen is the beacon.

An Analysis of Jose Corozon De Jesus Essay

Isang aklat na maputi, ang isinulat: Luha! Kaya wala kang mabasa kahit isa mang talata; Kinabisa at inisip mulang ating pagkabata; Tumanda ka’t nagkauban, hindi mo pa maunawa. Ang Pag-ibig, isipin mo, pag inisip, nasa-puso! Pag pinuso, nasa-isip, kaya’t hindi mo makuro. Lapitan mo nang matagal ang pagsuyo’y naglalaho; Layuan mo at kay-lungkot, nananaghoy ang pagsuyo! Ang Pag-ibig na dakila’y aayaw nang matagalan, Parang lintik kung gumuhit sa pisngi ng kadiliman. Ang halik na ubos-tindi, minsan lamang nahalikan, At ang ilog kung bumaha, tandaan mo’t minsan lamang. Ang Pag-ibig kapag duwag ay payapa’t walang agos, Walang talon, walang baha, walang luha, walang lunos! Ang Pag-ibig na matapang ay puso ang inaanod, Pati dangal, yama’t dunong nalulunod sa pag-irog! Ang Pag-ibig na buko pa’y nakikinig pa sa aral, Tandang di pa umiibig, nakikita pa ang ilaw, Ngunit kapag nag-alab na pati mundo’y nalimutan — Iyan, ganyan ang Pag-ibig, damdamin mo’t puso lamang! Kapag ikaw’y umuurong sa sakuna’t sa panganib Ay talagang maliwanag at buo ang iyong isip: Takot pa ang pag-ibig mo, hindi ka pa umiibig: Pag umibig, pati hukay aariin mong langit! Ang Pag-ibig ay may mata, ang Pag-ibig ay di bulag; Ang marunong umibig, bawat sugat ay bulaklak: Ang pag-ibig ay masakim at aayaw ng kabiyak; O wala na kahit ano, o ibigay mo ang lahat! â€Å"Ako’y hindi makasulat at ang Nanay ay nakabantay!† Asahan mo, katoto ko, hindi ka pa minamahal! Ngunit kapag sumulat na sa ibabaw man ng hukay, Minamahal ka na niya nang higit sa kanyang buhay! Kayong mga kabataang pag-ibig ang ninanais, Kayong mga paruparong sa ilawan lumiligid, Kapag kayo’y umiibig na, hahanapin ang panganib, At pakpak ninyo’y masusunog sa pag-ibig! Author’s Biography Jose Corazon de Jesus or â€Å"Pepito† was born in Trinity Road District of Sta. Cruz, Manila, on 22 November, 1894. He was the second son of Dr. Vicente de Jesus who was the first director of the Kawanihan ng Kalinisan, and his  mother was a kapampangan namely Mrs. Susana Pangilinan. He had twins, Vicente Jr, the elder and Rosa, the younger. In their family, Jose Corazon de Jesus is closer to his mother because he is sickly. Since childhood, Corazon de Jesus was aware in Tagalog tula, awit, korido and the books that was famous in those days like â€Å"Florante at Laura† and â€Å"San Raymundo†. And because of these literary works, the skills of Jose Corazon de Jesus in poetry began. He was also fond of singing, playing the piano, and various physical games.He attended his first schooling in the town of his father. The childhood of Jose Corazon de Jesus was full of enjoyment. After graduating in the primary level, he was transferred in Liceo de Manila, one of the most popular schools in Manila then, to continue his secondary level. When he graduated, he studied law at Escuela de Derecho. When he finished his degree in 1919 he did not take the bar exam. Instead, he continued his passion in poetry. In October of 1918, Jose Corazon de Jesus elope his girlfriend Asuncion Lakan. Their relationship brought three children; they were Teresa, Jose and Rogelio. Jose Corazon de Jesus is not only a poet and writer but also journalists. He became the writer of the newspaper â€Å"Demokrasya†, â€Å"Pagkakaisa†, â€Å"Taliba†, â€Å"Mabuhay†, at â€Å"Sampagita.† But he was well known in the field of â€Å"balagtasan† and â€Å"pagbigkas†. Until now, he is still very well known in this field. Jose Corazon de Jesus, or Huseng Batute, died at 12:02 in the afternoon, on May 26, 1932 in General Hospital because of intestinal disease. Analysis Love is a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes that ranges from interpersonal affection to pleasure. It can refer to an emotion of a strong attraction and personal attachment. It can also be a virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection—†the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another†. It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one’s self or  animals. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape). Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love. The question, â€Å"What is love?† has been discussed widely by those who are puzzled by this existential phenomenon. Indeed, what is love? Nowadays a lot have their own idea about love. Each has his own convictions and beliefs about love. There is love at first sight, love is sweeter in the second time around, some even describe it as blind, others say that love is in the air and love is you. Love is a word that has a broad meaning. We cannot elucidate it in just simple terms; we can just give the characteristics but not the meaning of it. Only the person that feels that he/she is in love can give the interpretation of it not by the words but by the action. In his encyclical Deus Caritas Est (2005), Pope Benedict XVI writes, â€Å"Today, the term ‘love’ has become one of the most frequently used and misused of words, a word to which we attach quite different meanings.† Love is emotions that cannot be understand by human reason but only by heart. Defining love is very hard for everyone but feeling in love is common to all men. That is why Corazon De Jesus put in his poem â€Å"Ang Pag-ibig, isipin mo, pag inisip, nasa-puso! Pag pinuso, nasa-isip, kaya’t hindi mo makuro.† In our times today, the word love is very common but somehow different in meaning when we refer to the oldest time when our lolo courting our lola. That is why many old persons are complaining about the issue of love in our new era. They say that the true meaning of the love is being destroyed. Corazon De Jesus wrote his poem about Pag-ibig to show his point of view about love in a poetical way. He has the imagery of love in his mind expresses through words. When a man is truly in love with a woman, he will do everything to get her sweet answer. Courting a girl in the older times is very difficult. To have the hand of the girl, a man must know how to get water from the well, get firewood in the forest or in the mountain and giving the girl some fruits or vegetable from his farm. However, this culture is being forgotten by the youth of today. Courting a girl in our times is very basic. It will start  from getting the cellphone number followed by date and then without a year, a boy can get the girl. Ang Pag-ibig na buko pa’y nakikinig pa sa aral, Tandang di pa umiibig, nakikita pa ang ilaw, Ngunit kapag nag-alab na pati mundo’y nalimutan — Iyan, ganyan ang Pag-ibig, damdamin mo’t puso lamang! True love is self-denials love. We cannot say that it is love if it is still in our heart, if we do not express it. A quotation says a bell is not a bell until you ring it; a song is not a song until you sing it, and love in your heart is not love until you give it away. Some of us are just contended that we are in love. We are afraid to share it in our love ones not because we do not love him/her but we are afraid of rejection. We are satisfied of being in love but we are scared to stay in love. Corazon de Jesus mentioned in his poem, â€Å"Ang Pag-ibig kapag duwag ay payapa’t walang agos, Walang talon, walang baha, walang luha, walang lunos!† We are very futuristic. We always think what will happen for tomorrow that is why we are being terrified. We think if the person we love today is still in love with us in the next day. If the lover would deny his need for affection, expressing love would soon become a burden and it would only result to different form of isolation . Man has a natural longing to complete himself by personally relating with other men, for without love, there can be no true interpersonal relations among people.1 There is often little evidence for loving; we have to trust the person we love and without faith we cannot love either God or other people. And without love, life is not worth living. As Corazon de Jesus said in his poem Kayong mga kabataang pag-ibig ang ninanais, Kayong mga paruparong sa ilawan lumiligid, Kapag kayo’y umiibig na, hahanapin ang panganib, At pakpak ninyo’y masusunog sa pag-ibig! Conclusion As a seminarian, being in loved is very important. As what Fr. Lloyd Cinco said to us in our retreat, â€Å"You cannot be a priest if you do not know how to love.† Love is a duty. Only when it is a duty to love, only then is love eternally secured against every change and happily secure against despair.  There are three things that destroy love. First are the changes in our inclinations and feelings. Second are the changes in the person we love. The last is the unhappiness, pain and suffering that can lead to despair. That is the cause why people are afraid to stay in love, because of the tribulations and hardships in the relationship. They are just contented in falling in love. People are also terrified of their obligations because love seeks security. Therefore swear an oath, swear fidelity to each other. However this oath offers nothing but a false security because the two persons who swear to love each other forever, swears by something that is lower than love itself. The two swear by their love to each other forever, instead of swearing love to each other by eternity. Therefore, both of them swear by something that could change over time. If what one feels changes, then there would be nothing that would bind their love. The only way to find true security if one is to make an oath is to swear by the duty that shall love. Spontaneous love is still subject to change because it is not consciously grounded upon eternal but depends entirely on one’s emotion and feeling. It could change into its opposite, into hate or it can become the sickness of jealousy.

Accounting and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Accounting and Finance - Essay Example The former does not give consideration to fixed costs while the latter adds alls the direct as well as indirect costs to ascertain the total cost of per unit of output. This means that Absorption costing does not make any differentiation between fixed and variable costs whereas Marginal costing accounts for only the variable expenses. Under this technique the costs are segregated into manufacturing, administrative and selling costs. Here all the manufacturing expenses-fixed as well as variable- are deducted from revenues to obtain gross margin and then the selling & administrative costs-fixed as well as variable- are subtracted from gross margin to obtain the net income. The fixed manufacturing overhead charges are allocated to the units on a per unit basis. This is obtained by dividing â€Å"Standard fixed manufacturing overhead† by â€Å"Normal Output†. If the production is higher or less than the standard output, necessary adjustments are done with respect to volume variances. In the case of â€Å"favorable volume variance† i.e. if the actual production exceeds normal capacity, the amount relating to over-absorption is subtracted from the cost of goods produced and sold. If the variance is â€Å"unfavorable†, the amount relating to under-absorption is added with the total cost of goods produced and sold (Lal & Srivastava, 2008, pp.628). Under this method a proportion of fixed costs are carried forward to the next accounting period as a constituent of closing inventory. This is criticized by the supporters of marginal costing on the ground that costs relating to an accounting period are transferred to the subsequent period. Marginal Costing differentiates between variable and fixed costs. The marginal cost refers to the variable cost of a product or it comprises direct material, direct expenses, direct labor and variable portion of the overheads. Marginal Costing is an accounting system under which the variable expenses are charged to the units and the fixed

Topic Selection and Rationale (Attempt 1 ) Essay

Topic Selection and Rationale (Attempt 1 ) - Essay Example The ability to properly define and/or guarantee protections for unique works or concepts could easily lead to stalemate if the intellectual property is governed domestically yet regulated abroad when doing business in foreign nations. In microeconomics, comparative advantage could explain a potential stalemate when it comes to intellectual property protection. This is when a firm has the ability to produce a work or product at a lower opportunity cost than competition. An opportunity cost is when the highest valued alternative must be sacrificed to select another strategy. If one business operates in a market where there are many competitors, and are able to experience lower cost in the action, competition may be more adamant about protecting their intellectual property as a competitive tool. Because the WTO acts as an agency and forum for these discussions, it is likely that the WTO will become engaged in trying to settle the dispute. A competing company might have very high cost objectives, however they cannot lower their opportunity costs to seek a special project or product innovation. Animosities between the rival companies could cause conflict with the membership of the WTO, based on the high cost of doing business against a competing product able to avoid high opportunity costs. In macroeconomics, inflation could also lead to problems with intellectual property rights disagreements that will ultimately involve the WTO. This is when the price of goods and services rises due to supply, finance, or money supply. Companies that are unable to compete effectively against another company that enjoys comparative advantage may also have inflationary issues arising from the cost of doing business which, in turn, affects overhead costs and production costs. The company could, at the same time, be impacted by inflation associated with international distribution.

Restaurant field experience report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant field experience report - Essay Example The beverage manager is responsible for preparing drinks orders for the entire day for dining service. I, therefore, managed beverage stock as required and ensured that they are paid for. The other major role that I had to take estimate how much beverage would be consumed on each day and place orders with the suppliers. Additionally, I had to check for fresh deliveries in order to maintain high quality. I also learned how to solve on clients complaints about the served drinks.As a receptionist, I was responsible for greeting guests, show them their tables and provide menus. I also provided customer service and deal with all inquiries in a courteous and professional manner, either via email or telephone. Additionally, providing information to guests on requests to ensure their comfort, safety and satisfaction were also a principal responsibility for me. During this period I learned to offer exquisite customer care service, to solve their inquiring and complaints made via email or tele phone. I also developed adequate communication skills and to be professional at all times while attending to guests.The efficiency of the kitchen of a restaurant rests on Expeditors. This is the person who is responsible for setting the pace and flow in the kitchen. On this post, I ensured that the orders made by guests were completed on time, according to the menu, and ensures they are in good quality for their satisfaction. I was also responsible relaying orders made to the kitchen.

Effects of Population Density Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Population Density - Essay Example Overall, the population grows in the world, and the population density becomes higher, especially in urban areas and large cities. In addition to physical population density, researchers identify another type of population density known as psychological state of crowding. Therefore, while discussing the topic of population density it is important to take into account not only pure statistics on density, but also the individual’s perceptions of crowding (Jain, 1987). Physical population density may cause negative effects on human behavior associated with intrusion to their territory, abuse of their personal space and/or breaking of their privacy. This paper aims to provide a more detailed analysis on how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser. Also, this paper aims to examine the concept of noise and how it affects individuals. Privacy is an integral need of any individual, as it is â€Å"right to be left alone† (Ogden 2008, 20). With the development of Information Technologies and globalisation, the concept of privacy has been extended significantly covering thus the issues of private communication, surveillance, corporate monitoring, etc. Practically all people expect privacy in their lives as this is one of the fundamental human rights declared in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ogden 2008). However, despite such a strong legal buttress, privacy as the human right has many different threats, varying from political and technological to social changes. One of such threats is increased population density (Ogden 2008). Territoriality initially was an important political and geographical term. Nowadays, it is widely adopted in environmental psychology and implies a concept whereas an individual organism or a group of organisms attempts to control a specified territory (Bortman et al., 2003). In other

Historical topics since 1500s Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Historical topics since 1500s - Assignment Example They were devoted, loyal and keen followers of the law. The force was created by Sultan Murad in 1383 (Rice, 1999). Devshirme. This was a Turkish term referring to blood tax. During this period, the Ottoman empire sent the military to abduct young guys. They were then converted to Islam. The ablest were trained for military and civil war. The age of the recruit was from 7 to 10 years (Menage, 1966). Mamluks. This is an Arabic word meaning property. It may also mean the slave of the king or white slave. It is, therefore, an Arabic designation of slaves. This dynasty lasted from 1250-1517. Mamluks had a special status in relation to the ordinary slaves and were considered to be real lords with status above freeborn Muslims. Oyo. This was a Yoruba kingdom or kingdom. It covered parts of Benin and Nigeria. In modern day, it is an inland state in southwestern Nigeria, and its capital is at Ibadan. It is the 14th largest state. It contains a number of natural features, and the climate is equatorial with relatively high humidity. Marco Polo. This was a Venetian merchant .his travels are recorded in livres des Merveilles. he was born in Venice hence Venetian nationality. He was born in 1254 and died in 1324. His book was highly publicized and introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China (Polo, 1854). Battle of Lepanto . This was a battle between Islamists and Christians. This fight took place in 1571 on 7th October. It was a naval engagement and it was between the Christians and the ottoman. The Islam were defeated at the end and more than 50000 casualties were reported. Enclosure. An enclosure is an area that is sealed off. Economic history defines compound as the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay. The appropriation of land can be done through a fence or other methods such as enclosing through a stone wall or such. St. Petersburg. This is the second largest

Color in the Examples of Art Deco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Color in the Examples of Art Deco - Essay Example Art Deco Movement was introduced to the world by the collective effort of various artists and designers, who converged together to present the world with new vision of future. The experiment and avant-garde process of modern designing was organized in the form of an exhibition which was then called as Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes hosted in the City of Lights, Paris in the year 1925. Moreover, the Tutankamun Exhibition held in Paris in the year 1922 gave rise to cross fertilization of ideas between various sects of designers such as architects, artists, fashion designer, etc. The treasuries during his exhibit had large impact all over and the colors and design of the jewelries were bold and rich and launched a mania for Egyptian, Turkish and various other exotic styles of ornamentation. The art deco examples present modernistic and stylistic work, which was vastly recognized and which laid the foundation of transition of cultures and mindset. I t is from this era that women started to occupy the men’s apparel and spread the new style statement. This rapid shift of style during this era raises eyebrows as how the various forms of colors were identified and the avant-garde shift in designs of furniture, interior, textiles, clothing, architecture, etc. This paper presents the identification, importance and significance of colors used in Art Deco Expo through collection of data and views from various renowned artists and architects, fashion designers, models and consumers.... ris in the year 1925.1 Moreover, the Tutankamun Exhibition held in Paris in the year 1922 gave rise to cross fertilization2 of ideas between various sects of designers such as architects, artists, fashion designer, etc. The treasuries during his exhibit had large impact all over and the colors and design of the jewelries were bold and rich and launched a mania for Egyptian, Turkish and various other exotic styles of ornamentation. The art deco examples present modernistic and stylistic work, which was vastly recognized and which laid the foundation of transition of cultures and mindset. It is from this era that women started to occupy the men's apparel and spread the new style statement. This rapid shift of style during this era raises eyebrows as how the various forms of colors were identified and the avant-garde shift in designs of furniture, interior, textiles, clothing, architecture, etc. This paper presents the identification, importance and significance of colors used in Art Deco Expo through collection of data and views from various renowned artists and architects, fashion designers, models and consumers of specified area so that crystal clear views can be formed. The history of Art Deco goes back to 1912 when Louis Se founded the Atelier Francais in Paris and attempted to make modern style statement relating to French tradition. The manifesto for making of Art Deco style was presented by Louis Se associates, Andre Vera, which was later published in L'Art dicoratiff.3 It was mentioned in the manifesto that contrasts of rich and bold should be used for decoration. Paul Follot created a design using all the characteristics of Louis Se, which is considered to be as the first Art Deco work. (Campbell, 2006: 42) Art Deco shifted the importance from historic

Personal Finance Case- develop a solution a road map advice for the Case Study

Personal Finance - develop a solution a road map advice for the families - Case Study Example Their credit card debt is an indication that Bruce and Faith are living beyond their means. This is supported by the fact that they do not have any cash savings with them. It is important for this couple to save at least ten percent of their earnings and hold it in liquid cash so that it can cover any emergencies since their assets cannot be easily liquidated. Bruce and Faith should consider travelling to shorter destinations and drop their plans for a new car that they are to planning to buy. This will assist them save money to pay their mortgage and meet the expenses that come as a result of late parenthood. They can also consider cutting their expenditure for their daughter’s wedding by half and use that money to increase their bank savings. This will increase their net worth. The couple should also consider using both their employer’s health covers, take up disability insurance cover and have a retirement account. This will reduce their taxable income. If the couple gets the one hundred and fifty thousand dollar inheritance from Faith’s father, they should use it to clear their mortgage and other debts. The remaining amount should be put in long term investment to increase their net worth. An overview of Peggy Brie’s case shows that though widowed at an age that is eight years below the average widow age, she can meet her financial obligations without too much struggle. Her strategy should be to use the amounts from her husband’s life insurance policy, IRA and inheritance to clear her debts. This will result in an increased disposable income for her as almost half of her salary goes to paying debts. If she manages to do this, then her worries about how to maintain her house will be over as she will be able to live comfortably with her children. Brie should go ahead and use her husband’s life insurance policy funds to pay for her mortgages so that she can be able to use

Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Research Paper

Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World - Research Paper Example The Paper Egypt serves as one of the most influential and prosperous countries of the entire African continent. Her splendid geographical position, magnificent historical background, rich cultural heritage, sound economic structure and imperative political role in the strategic affairs of the region have earned a distinguished and respectable place for her in the international arena. Being a commercial hub and a significant trade junction, people arrive here from all parts of the continent in order to establish their business and get involved into the activities related to trade and commerce on the one hand, and in search of job and employment on the other. The most important aspect of the country is her geographical location, as Egypt is situated at the junction of three continents including Asia, Europe and Africa. At one side, she appears to be the leader of Africa community, and on the other side, Egypt looks engaged in presenting the case of the Middle East problems. Similarly, she also represents the Islamic world at different occasions, which proves her significance as the representative of several most important regional, religious and political communities of the world. It is therefore, the Egyptian people have developed social and commercial ties with the Asian and European traders, corporate firms and companies. â€Å"Occupying a focal geographic bridge linking Africa and Asia, contemporary Egypt is the inheritor of a civilization dating back more than 6,000 years. Egypt’s strategic location has made it the object of numerous conquests: by the Ptolemies, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Fatimids, Mamluks, Ottomans, and Napoleon Bonaparte. (Platan & Teal, 2001:1) Though, divergent invaders entered Egypt and subjugated her population by capturing the land, wealth and resources of this ancient civilization, yet the country maintained its identity and distinction as the independent state of the world. It is mistakenly viewed that several ethno-racial group s live in Egypt; however, an overwhelming majority of the masses is Egyptian by race. Egypt has not been famous in history for his magnificent emperors and pharaohs of ancient eras only; rather, the architecture of ancient Egypt also makes it a remarkable society of ancient world. The Egyptian pyramids are included in the Seven Wonders existing on the face of the earth. Besides, her strong economy and established infrastructure have also turned the country an attractive place particularly for the people, belonging to southern, central and western parts of the continent, who arrive Egypt in the same manner as the masses from developed Middle East and Far Eastern countries proceed to Europe in search of superior living standard and career jobs as well. Thus, Egypt is one of the most migrated countries of Africa, where perhaps few countries including South Africa, Nigeria and others surpass her in the area of migration into the country. However, the Egyptians have developed popular tre nd of immigration to the southern Europe and the Middle East states particularly Brunei and the UAE. Actually, immigration to Egypt has religious background too, where in ancient time Prophet Joseph was forced to migrate as a child by his brothers, who had thrown him into a well. However, the entire House

Dancing with self beauty alice walker Essay Example for Free

Dancing with self beauty alice walker Essay What is a scar? A scar is something that can be covered but never erased. Scars can change a person’s self-esteem and self- worth, relationship with people, and your perception of yourself. A scar can help you find beauty deep down inside just like Alice Walker did. Scars cannot tear you down you are the only one can, its either you live a lie or just accept the true you, which one would you choose? Walker also had problems with self-esteem in her life when her brother shot her in the eye with a BB-gun that left one of her eyes blind. According to walker her life was over â€Å"For six years I do not stare at anyone, because I do not raise my head†. I grew up a tomboy who played with nothing but boys and maybe one or two girls. I was always happy, and a just a big jokers until I started my middle school year and identified hair on my chin. I have suffered with this problem for the longest. I considered myself as different from most girls. When I got the hair on my chin I did not want to be bothered with anybody, I used to hold my head down and kind of slouch so no one wouldn’t see it. My whole attitude changed I went from the girl who used to love herself so very much into the girl who couldn’t stand to look in the mirror. But that should’ve have changed me nor Walker because you can’t look down on yourself just because you have a scar you are who you are no matter if it’s there or not. The scar also changed the relationship with her siblings. From the article Everyday life by K. Nola Mokeyane she said â€Å"sibling’s relationships are important component of children’s social and emotional development. The Child Welfare Information Gateway notes that through their relationship with their siblings, children learn skills such as conflict resolution and negotiation; healthy relationships also provide siblings with a support network. As with anything in life, siblings relationships have positive and negative aspects. Walker started to develop to like on sibling more than the other brother. One of the siblings brought both positive and negative change in her life. The brother who shot her with the BB gun when she was younger and made a big difference in her life and she just was less closer to him just like any other siblings in life. â€Å"What the matter with your eye? † they ask, critically. When I don’t answer with (I cannot decide whether it was an â€Å"accident† or not), they shove me, insist on a fight. My brother, the one who created the story about the wire, comes to my rescue. But then brags so much about â€Å"protecting† me, I become sick. It seems like she is still never forgave her brother for what he had done to her eye and began to not really like him as much. Since her brother was kind of a part of the accident so she kind of liked him better. For some reason he understood her more. â€Å"He is my favorite brother and there is a strong bond between us. Understanding my feelings of shame and ugliness he and his wife take me to a local hospital, where the â€Å"glob† is removed by a doctor named 0. Henry. There is still a small bluish crater where the scar tissue was, but the ugly white stuff is gone. † I to can relate to her by this I had a problem with the hair under my chin still to this very day and my mother wanted to help me out by getting lazer hair remover but I insist on doing so because it really wouldn’t make a difference if I got it removed or not, sometime down the line it still was going to be there no matter what I did. It is so much that family members are siblings can do for you, but you are the one who really have to decide what you are going to do with yourself. People don’t make you and how they change you, you do. According to Answers in Writing â€Å"Sometime we imagine ourselves as different than what we really are one way at least we picture ourselves as this, yet in reality we do not fit this picture. We think we are kind gentle, when in truth we have very little patience for things. We may see ourselves, it is good to see ourselves as exemplary students, but we hate to be wrong. However we picture ourselves, it is good to see ourselves for who we really are. Perception can be altered, whether it is how we see the world or how we see ourselves. All it take is a little honesty, without trying to make ourselves feel better, which is what we usually do when we see what we call faults in ourselves. We try to feel better about it, and this often means we find ways to alter behavior. We try to change how we are to supplement our perceived faults. We are far better off just seeing ourselves for who we are, leaving it at that. Walker use to be the prettiest girl that knew she was pretty and now she is kind of confused. She is worried about what other people think which is stopping her from seeing the positive in her life. â€Å"Years later, in the throes of mid-life crisis, I ask my mother and sister whether I changed after the â€Å"accident†. No, they say, puzzled. What do you mean? † What do I mean? Walker was question herself about who she really was are did she change and she wanted to see what other people such as her family and how they viewed her too. But it was all in the mind of how she saw herself. â€Å"That night, as I do every night, I abuse my eye. I rant and rave at it, in front of the mirror. I plead with it to clear up before morning. I tell it I hate and despise it. I do not pray for sight. I pray for vision. † She must have really seen herself as this person who so ugly until she got it removed but that didn’t change her she had to see herself from within. Many times I put myself in situation where I just look in the mirror and wish some things would go anyway but it doesn’t, you can put make up on, put hair on your head but it want change anything. Walker finally sees herself as this beautiful person. She keep questioning herself â€Å"You did not change they say. † But she finally realizing everything when she is by her daughter and she is talking to her daughter. Walker says â€Å"Since the birth of her daughter she has worried about her discovery that her mothers’ eyes are different from others people’s. Will she be embarrassed? I think. What will she say? Every day she watches a television program called Big Blue Marble. It begin with a picture of earth as it appears from moon. When walker was putting her baby to sleep her daughter Rebecca focus on her eye. She began wanted to protect herself but her daughter didn’t see her eye as such ugliness her daughter tells her there is a world in her eyes. From the perception of her daughter she began to accept herself. â€Å"Yes indeed , I realized, looking into the mirror. There was a world in my eyes. And I saw it was possible to love it. In conclusion scar is something that can be covered but never erased. Scars can change a person’s self-esteem and self- worth, relationship with people, and your perception of yourself. It would not make you who you are you can only make you who you are. Theirs is nothing no one can do to change it. You can never change something and in my eyes she never changed. She still look back and think about her eye.

Compare and Contrast the different quality philosophy, systems and approaches

Compare and Contrast the different quality philosophy, systems and approaches The various quality approaches and systems are the Deming philosophy, the Juran approach, the Crosby system, six sigma and other approaches. These are the various philosophies that are available to an operations manager in assessing the quality and suitability of systems in an organization that can be applied for increasing efficiency and gains .The various quality approaches are briefly explained as under: Deming Philosophy: Based in improving the products and services by reducing uncertainty and variability in the design and manufacturing processes. Variation is considered the only reason for poor quality. Variations in parts of pieces in manufacturing leads to wear and premature failure. Better quality leads to less rework, fewer delays and better use of factor inputs. It includes profound knowledge consisting of four stages -appreciation for a system, some knowledge of theory of variation, theory of knowledge and psychology. Based on these four aspects Deming had devised 14 points of quality management. (Chambers, Johnston, Slack, 2007) Juran philosophy: The Juran philosophy is based upon the companys current strategic planning and minimum risk in rejections. He states in his quality management program that different employees at different levels of the organization hold different factors as priority top management holds money as important and speaks in money terms, workers hold things as important and mid management holds both the things and money as important and can speak for in money as well as things terms. His method of quality management focuses on the interdependencies of functions of manufacturing, process control, testing and feedbacks and that the quality system needs to be continuous and never ending. The three aspects of quality called quality trilogy are important -quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. (Greasley, 2007) Crosby philosophy: Crosby philosophy on quality management is based upon the absolutes of quality management and basic elements of improvement .The absolutes of quality management are: quality is conformance to requirements not elegance, there is no such thing as a quality problem, no such thing as economics of quality, the only performance measure is cost of quality, the only performance standard is zero defects , and the basic elements of improvement include determination, education and implementation. Six Sigma: It is a quality improvement approach which is a statistical tool and stands for the six standard deviations from the mean .It provides the techniques and tools for improving capability and reducing defects in the industry. Benchmarking: It is a process of measurement of internal processes and then the identification, understanding and adaptation of outstanding practices from the best companies in the industry. ISO 9000:US based quality standards called the Q9000-1994 series were recognized by about 100 countries and also by Japan .These standards were to define quality system that guide a companys performance of specified requirements in areas of design, development, production, installation and service. Continuous improvement: implies that the organization and its efforts are directed in a incremental and breakthrough improvement which is continuous at the sametime. These activities should be a part of daily regular part of daily work, seek to eliminate problems at their source and be driven by opportunities to do better and rectify problems that are needed to be corrected. (Krajewski, Malhotra, Ritzman, 2006) Thus when the regular cycles of planning, execution and evaluation are being conducted a quantifiable measure of continuous improvement needs to be assessed. Kaizen system: It is a system for quality improvement from internal sources and within the firm rather than from outside sources. It means in Japanese change for better. It is also continuous and ongoing improvement. TQM: Total quality management is a description of the culture, attitude and organization of the company that requires quality in all aspects of the operations with things being done right the first time and defects eliminated or eradicated from operations completely. Comparison and Contrast: The various quality philosophies and approaches determine quality to be achieved by the organization in respect of various aspects of quality in an organization and not necessarily dependent on any one approach or philosophy. The philosophy of Deming is a 14 point programme for evaluating and implementing quality and philosophy of Juran emphasizes the importance of quality training for reduction in failure costs, higher productivity and emphasizes data collection and analysis. Whereas the Crosby philosophy implies the behavioral aspects in quality, more emphasis is on management processes for changing culture and attitudes than relying on statistical techniques. But it does not provide finer details on quality management and bases itself on management thinking instead. Thus Crosby approach is more easily fit into the company and does not have implementation problems faced in implementing Deming philosophy but it has issues of being not acceptable worldwide or being that popular. Many issues exist in being able to interpret what ISO 9000 exactly is and its definition whereas few others suggest that its usefulness is questionable considering the high implementation costs in many small and medium sized companies. Although it is being implemented in successful companies by majority and is hugely popular measure/approach. (Shim et al., 1999) In Kaizen approach the human processes are important, processes evolve by gradual changes; improvement is based on statistical and quantitative performance measurement, requires trust between managers and employees. In Six Sigma approach the process of measuring variation is important .It is a statistical tool, quite effective and hugely popular. Benchmarking as a quality approach is a one off exercise not necessarily continuous helps the organization strategically and is outward looking into the industry and market the company serves. Continuous improvement is a learning paradigm which involves learning enhancement by continuous changes in the organization. TQM is an integrated approach to quality, with total resource deployment and no exceptions to quality as a standard. Thus in contrast whereas one of the approaches is a statistical tool other approaches are basic principles on effective management and whereby they take advantage in being specific and distinct from the others at the sametime they lose more on grounds of effectiveness .But many of such approaches do implement successful quality improvements in organizations leading to becoming more popular. For example six sigma was applied in Motorola, benchmarking was started by Xerox etc. (Reid Sanders, 2004) Whereas the kaizen approach involves greater trust from managers and employees alike the stress from TQM is on integration and involvement .On the other hand the continuous improvement is a management paradigm for continuously implementing changes the benchmarking is a standalone exercise in quality assessment and improvement. Thus similar comparisons can be drawn from the quality approaches and philosophies and further analysis can be made. Analyze the differences and evaluate the impact of these differences on innovation, change and competitiveness. The differences of various quality approaches and philosophies indicate that the quality can be measurable from various standpoints and tools of statistics, from various aspects of processes in organization, from output and inputs and from productivity of factor inputs .There is a wide manner of employing quality in an organization and many concepts in management can be applicable here. The most important differences are in being either traditional method, in being a one off measure, an integrated approach, statistical tool, based on manager relations and trust, continuous change and a standard acceptable by the authorities. The impact of these differences on change, innovation and competitiveness can be gauged from various standpoints. The impacts for various change management techniques can be assessed and Realized on these aspects as enumerated below: (Schroeder, 2005) The impact on change of the differences among the quality approaches and philosophies: Change The change in an organization due to quality approaches is evident from the fact that without continuous change and improvement the quality programme would be rendered ineffective. The quality programmes are initiated and lead to changes in organization because of following reasons: I. The change in customer perceptions is ongoing and therefore when an organization accepts the product design and development the first year the changes in preference and buying behavior the next year might suggest that there would indeed be more than the demand for the specific product or service. Therefore the change in demand pattern requires that the company be involved in redesigning of the product afresh and this is costly and time consuming. Hence due to changes in customer perceptions the changes in product design from quality perspective becomes apparent .The various approaches and their differences impact the assurance and reliability of specific approaches for quality programme selection in that the benchmarking approach which is one off is reliable since it can be initiated in few days and can be carried out any time of the year. An integrated approach like TQM on the other hand can address most of changes in demand by being able to be integrated from before the percepti ons of consumer start changing. Kaizen can be applicable but trust and interpersonal relations effectiveness cannot be built in a year and therefore the quality programme and its impact on change in organizations effectiveness might lead to further issues .The statistical tool of Six Sigma is a healthier alternative by being cost effective and easy to implement although both six sigma and ISO 9000 have problems in being interpreted and understood properly. (Schroeder, 1993) II Competition is continuous in the environment or market place implying that for the organization to keep ahead it needs to change implement continuously .Although the market is dynamic the organization faces constraints in time and cost .The impact of various quality programmes is effective for few approaches only like the approach of TQM which is integrative of all the factors in management and organization ,also the approach of Crosby is effective since it is based on the quality standards and thinking style which needs to be effective for management thinking in an organization facing highly competitive market. The approach of Deming and Juran impact if applied only when the organization is ready to implement such programmes due to their traditional nature and the impact takes longer time to predict as both the philosophies have implementation problems. The approach of six sigma, continuous improvement is more applicable and worthwhile when the change becomes highly impacted in s hort period of time and in lesser costs than for other approaches. (Stevenson, 2001) III The change in organizations is also impacted specifically when it is acknowledged that the change in systems and processes however sensibly designed would become obsolete after a time period and the complicacy involved adds to further changes being impacted. The philosophy of Juran and Crosby if implemented have lesser impacts since by then a change managed mindset has evolved as also in TQM and continuous improvement approaches. Whereas for implementing the Deming programme in quality the implementation and successful change management might take few years but once set there could be huge successes .The processes and management thinking if are accepting six sigma and ISO9000 standards then the quality philosophy would impact greatly the change in the structure, processes, culture of the organization and bring simplified answers to complex measurement and qualitative aspects. Competitiveness The differences in philosophies also impact greatly the competitiveness of the organization in different ways .The various philosophies and their impact on the organization with regard to competitiveness is in the following ways: Cost reduction :The Deming, Juran and Crosby approaches imply greater reduction in costs and lead to higher cost efficiencies and scale of operations if applied for few years and having overcome the initial implementation issues. The continuous improvement, Six sigma and ISO9000 standards of quality also improve the effectiveness in costs if applied and interpreted correctly .The kaizen philosophy does not indicate costs reduction that easily since it takes time for trust and long term effectiveness to materialize .The benchmarking process indicates the slack areas pretty quickly and if applied continuously the results can be successful in bringing more competitiveness. Productivity :Out of the given approaches the Crosby and Juran approach lead to greater increase in productivity than the Deming philosophy in short term only whereas the continuous improvement philosophy implies that the competitiveness increases in much lesser time duration and lesser costs .Six sigma and ISO9000 would tend to be better in estimating the level of competitiveness and productivity for the organization .The benchmarking and Continuous improvement approach are also highly recommended for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness in the company. Kaizen philosophy has more than required impact on enhancing competitiveness and productivity as it involves each and every manager and as well as employee. Differentiation: The effect of these quality approaches on product design differentiation is more marked .The product can be classified as custom, option oriented and standard in designs. The design differentiation is applicable for Juran and Crosby philosophy which indicate better results when their impact on implementation for changing custom and option oriented product designs are better than the standard products. Also the Continuous improvement, Kaizen and benchmarking are highly effective in determining the best changes in design for the market is ever changing and the competitiveness based on differentiation strategy could be the marked presence for competing companies. The six sigma and ISO9000 can deliver better if they are combined with a strategic perspective rather being utilized in a standalone environment. Innovation The competitiveness and increase in number of industries competing for market share has increased in the past decade. This has been leading the companies fighting in the market place scenario for developing innovative products and inventions through rigorous research and development programs .The innovations and inventions enhance credibility in a fast changing environment .The philosophy of Juran and Crosby are highly effective whereas Deming philosophy takes time to implement .The six sigma and ISO 9000 have been highly appreciated as being successful programs in delivering innovations and building needs for greater enhancement in quality from new products and services. Whereas the Kaizen philosophy has impacted innovations to a great extent yet the problem of long term applicability from human relations perspective has lessened its applicability. The continuous improvement and benchmarking have found to be effective in developing the new products directly rather than approaching i ssue from other standpoints. (Stevenson, 2008) Recommend actions that organizations might take to improve its existing quality approach with respect to their impact on innovation, change and competitiveness, and identify any areas that need further analysis. The various approaches and quality programmes have been able to deliver their impact on change, competitiveness and innovation .The Company and organizations ability to enhance the quality is stemming from the various issues and situations that the company would necessarily be facing in the real time. Thus for the company and organization to evaluate the different approaches impact and selecting the right combination of strategies would be important. The varied approaches and scenarios would then be based upon following factors: culture, life cycle study of organization, size of organization, money budget, Time period for implementation. Quality programme will be implemented that best suites the organization and its level of management culture and involvement. Thus the Kaizen philosophy which is highly cost effective and has a thinking style would be appreciated if it is applied in an organization which is small to medium size, with sensible budget, has time for evaluating quality responses internally, has an independent and welcoming culture .The programme for Deming philosophy would be best applicable in a large organization with higher budget, greater requirement for innovations and change management and greater time for application .If the culture is appreciable then the quality programme would also be greatly and easily applicable. The benchmarking can be effective along with continuous improvement in the organizations where budgets are limited, highly competitive environment and change is crucial for survival. The Juran and Crosby philosophies are applicable for those companies and organizations where the need for implementing change as cultural factor is important, which have bigger budgets with medium time and conflicts in culture are more marked. The approach of ISO9000 and six sigma are also applicable to firms which have innovation and change management in highly competitive environment, whose budgets are smaller and need for growth is large .The application of TQM is only applicable when it is started early on in an organization since the total quality approach requires greater integration and applicability of the respective quality approach in an organization which is facing budget costs, need for innovation continuously and requires change management as well. It could be a large or small company with limited or unlimited budget. The areas needing further analysis and work in quality improvement in organizations are huge and great in number. One can enumerate few aspects which need to be cleared in the meantime like benchmarking with respect to innovation and cost reduction ,reengineering processes ,measurement of quality from better scales, quality team building and management, quality circles in different organizations, evaluations of quality programmes with respect to availability of data on sales and revenues from including change management and other strategies. This area of research where the availability of multitude of factors impinge upon the given quality level therefore is a growing area of management and developing work in this area would lead to further benefits. (Waters, 1999) Conclusion Due to the nature of quality management as being a latest phenomenon of the 20th century it is a highly unorthodox concept which needs to be evaluated in the light of current changes and improvements in market behavior of suppliers and buyers both at the same time as also the increase in competitiveness and innovativeness in organizations along with increases in change management styles .therefore the study has been important in highlighting the need for quality approach for a particular company from the required abilities and situations .The realization of benefits of the quality programme have been therefore been found as applicable to the organizations operations management which have been able to implement such programmes with success. Success in implementation further depends upon the quality of selection of programme with respect to situation and scenario analysis.Expert advice and comments with the organizations is not available in easy way and has high costs and fees. Thus it is expected that the firm or organization which would be intending to have quality programme for effectiveness in operations would ascertain the applicability of the programme and then buy the programme from a suitable expert or develop one internally. The learning from the quality approaches and philosophies has been greater in recognizing the worth of quality in managing organizations and that is started early onwards quality improvement and correct estimation could lead to better results in long term and strategically positioning the company. The ability of the company in being able to ascertain competitiveness, change management and innovations is highly likely to grow with the years to come as research gathers pace in this area. At the moment the respective situation analysis and proper utilization of correct quality programme is the only actionable criteria. From the above quality study I have gathered that as a manager for a given organization the quality improvement guidelines that I have come across are highly important in making me discover the respective ability and impact on the organization and management. The level of quality improvements and future work that would be applicable would be the concern areas which I would be intending to study as part of my efforts in gaining further knowledge and learning in other disciplines. Although the study has been highly informative and guided through the process I would be of opinion that a larger study on quality management and its imperatives for operations management is further possible.

Awareness of low self esteem

Awareness of low self esteem Ever since Sigmund Freud made forays into study of Human Psychology, the study of different patterns of human behaviour, abilities at different individuals in different individuals, different outlooks and different responses to the same situations by different individuals involved great inquisitiveness in the minds of the psychological researchers. What was initially categorized under a comprehensive term individual nature later proved to be an effect of various underlying factors. As the psychological research dug deep into these factors that mould the human mind and behaviour, self esteem and confidence emerged to be two of the two important factors that influence the outlook and behaviour of a person (Baum 2005). The two concepts began commanding intense interest from psychological researchers and voluminous researches naturally followed (Skinner 2005). Self Esteem Self Esteem in simple words is ones own estimate and evaluation of ones worth (Friesen 2005, Moxley 2004, Baum 2003, Catania 2003). Self Esteem is something internal for a personal and is not expressive. It is manifest in social behaviour and responses to certain situations. Whether one has high self esteem or low self esteem is indicated by behaviour and situational response.While high self esteem in a person is desirable, low self esteem is a cause for concern. The reasons behind such low esteem can be many starting from childhood experiences and surrounding environment, its manifestation in persons behaviour can be varied. The study of the reasons behind ones low esteem, the methods to retrieve him/her from the State of low self-esteem to normal situation and his/her behavioural aberrations because of the low self esteem are interesting concepts for psychological research (Skinner 2005). Confidence is basically an attitude which enables one to have a realistic perception of oneself and ones abilities. It is displayed by manifestations like optimism, enthusiasm, assertiveness, pride, independence, trust, emotional maturity and the ability to handle and withstand criticism (Ward, Eastman Ninness 2009,Skinner 2005, Fantino, Stolarz-Fantino Navarro 2003). However talented one may be, confidence is the basic attribute which enables one to achieve or perform potential. It is normal to come across many talented people perform very poorly, repeatedly and continuously in their chosen field of activity and we also hear that they are lacking confidence (Catania 2003). Confidence is not inherited, but it is acquired. Lack of confidence is not permanent and can be driven away if addressed properly. Apart from being a personal attribute, confidence is also inspired by such factors as religion, culture, parents, gender and social class. While these are the normal factors which mould the confidence of a person, we also come across a handful of legendary persons, who brave many odds in life, but never allow their confidence to wane (Skinner 2005). The article attempts an exhaustive study of confidence and self esteem particularly from the angle of personal experience and literary research available on the concept. 2. Personal Journal During my interaction with my students and persons from diverse fields, I didnt come across a person who confessed that he is suffering from low self-esteem. People are scared to admit it. However the manifestations of low self-esteem exhibited through their action, deeds and behaviour reveal this facet of their personality. I came across three types of such manifestations. The first category of people is the straight forward type. They appear quite clearly as the underdogs and underachievers. They seem to be always with a negative emotion or delusion exaggerating limitation in capacity nature and opportunities for growth. Statements like ,I cannot, I should not ,I have to and I have no other alternative are quite frequently uttered by them. They appear as if they are in need of sympathy from others, but that does not mean that they are intent on revealing their handicap. Certain behavioural aspects and qualities are explicitly discernible in them .These people are unable to open themselves up before others and also unable to trust others. They are afraid of committing mistakes and as a result are indecisive in action. They are always anxious in the face of a change. They are unable to participate in spontaneous fun and frolic. They face problems in establishing intimacy with others and consequently go through troubled interpersonal relations. They are chronically affected by the necessity of acceptance and approval by others and are often affected by the fear of rejection or disapproval by others. Complicated judgements are not their cup of tea and they suffer from lack of objectivity and transparency in a host of options for solution to a problem. They are afraid of conflict and discord and try to mash their feelings with exaggeration and lies. They try to avoid caring for people for whom they are to be responsible. They usually overreact to things and act impulsively getting into trouble which requires strenuous efforts to get out from. These are all straight cases of people who are afflicted with self help. There is a second category of people, who appear to be very confident superficially and also appear to be in control of situations around them. They appear to have firm opinions and often appear to be in commanding positions. But this is usually a mask for low self-esteem. When things go away all this exterior disappears giving way to seriousness and anxiety. They are usually self-centered, highly demanding and very independent. They try to assume leadership without actually deserving or having leadership qualities. The third type is that of fun-seekers, who always try to seek fun and happiness at the expense of others. Laughter is a mask for these people to hide their low self-esteem. They try to do everything with an emphasis on fun to corner recognition-either giving fun or seeking it. They are sensitive and thick skinned and try to hide their anxieties and low self-esteem behind a mask of superficiality. The fun-seeking people are non-committal in their relationships because of haunting social fears. The only thing they try to churn out is fun which loses its sheen and becomes routine after sometime. Since their effort to gain recognition I through fun but not by accomplishment of something meaningful, they dont command much importance in their peer group. I had the occasion to observe many people with different backgrounds, suffering from the handicap of low esteem. When the reasons for their handicap are looked into, they reveal startling diversity. But mostly it is the childhood experiences that sow the seeds of low self-esteem in a person. The handicap sails with his childhood into his adulthood and afterwards also. Unless a conscious effort is done to drive out this feeling of low-self esteem, it persists with the person. The person may achieve fame with his accomplishments or my even achieve a celebrity status, but unless a conscious effort is made to conquer the handicap, they always tend to become superficial in their relations. It is really astounding that there can be so many childhood experiences to infuse a feeling of low esteem into children. Some children had verbal, emotional, physical and sexual abuse behind their low esteem. Some children were denied affection and acceptance either at home or at school or in the community. Parental condition was also found to be one of the reasons for breeding self esteem among children. Parents who were dependent on drugs and gambling, workaholic parents and mentally-ill parents were also reason for low self esteem among children. Similarly, brought up by divorced parent or where there is death of one of the parents during childhood also contributed to low self esteem. Brought up in environment which did not give scope for free expression of feelings and absolutist or fundamentalist environments are also responsible for low esteem among children. In case of adults, relationships are sometimes responsible for low self esteem. Relationship or marriage with a person, who is workaholic or comes from a dependent family or suppressive atmosphere are also prone to suffer from low self esteem. Also chronic ill health to a member of a family sometimes was the reason for low self esteem. Members of a family which has a child born with a developmental disability and members of a family where chronically ill patient is cared for are also often victims of low self esteem. Personal experiences in coming into touch with people are very useful in understanding the behavioural pattern of others afflicted with the problems and counsel them to get rid themselves of low self esteem. Knowledge about low self esteem is particularly useful in dealing with children who because of circumstances beyond their control are victims of low self esteem. Particularly for me, my personal experience in this field is of immense help since I am in the field of educational instruction to special needs children. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Key issue 1 Reasons for negative self-esteem 3.1.1. Low Self Esteem Vs Healthy Self Esteem Self -esteem relates to how well a person thinks about oneself in comparison to the people around him like, his friends, peers and colleagues at work. Self-esteem can be said to be the essence for living a positive life and helps a person to respond to various situations and difficulties in his life efficiently and realistically (Plotnik 2008). Self-esteem of a person can make a persons life (both professional and personal).Low self esteem can result in a person due to few untoward events that might have taken place in his life from his childhood. This makes the person live in a shell and stay aloof. This deprives the person of rational thinking and confidence and finally leads to self degradation (Scherer 2005). A person with low self-esteem feels that he is inferior in capabilities as compared to others. Generally the roots for this lie in the childhood where the person will be abandoned, ridiculed or feel that he is not receiving enough love or attention. This can lead to depressi on in long run (Craig 2008). Low self esteem can cause serious consequences and influence the emotions of people to a greater extent(Baum 2005). The person starts living life with negativity outlook and shows indifference in activities of his daily life. There can also be cases where persons with sensitive nature cannot cope with the issue of negative self esteem and subsequently can go to the extent of destroying their own life. Low self esteem can result in causing extremity in emotions and can result in depression, mental disorders, physical disorders, child delinquency and suicide attempts. This low self-esteem is the reason for violent behaviour in adolescents and can result in irreparable physical and mental damage (Baum 2003). 3.1.2. Reasons for Low Self Esteem Various factors like environment in which the person stays or is brought up, a persons background, status, his age, surroundings can be taken as reasons for low self-esteem. For successfully dealing with this problem, one has to understand the causes for the low self esteem in a person (Craig 2008,Denzin Lincoln 2008). A prime was suggested is to review the mistakes made by the person in the past. The following can be taken as possible reasons and situations causing low self-esteem. Negligence in childhood can be termed as one of the reasons for low self esteem. Children brought up in environment lacking affection and love feel that they are insignificant and abandoned when they grow up with age. They mix up with people very less and find it difficult to trust others (Dalgleish, 2004). Excessive criticism and rebuke in childhood can have devastating effects on a childs psyche and this influences his confidence in his life. Repeated chiding and pointing the child that he is incapable or no-good at studies or behaviour can result in depression and subsequently there will be loss of self-confidence in the child. This makes the child hesitant to start anything new and makes him pessimistic while doing things. He will be enveloped by a feeling of worthlessness (Harmon-Jones et al. 2004). Parents tend to pressurize their children to follow their dreams and fulfill their unfilled ambitions and dreams. They do not give choice to their children to choose their own career and in most cases forcibly land them in careers that they are not happy with. This leads to low self-esteem (Drake Myers 2006). When people experience failure after putting their efforts, in most cases they treat this failure as the final one and eventually it results in loss of confidence and self-esteem. Physical appearance in some people results loss of self-esteem. People with bad looks feel that they are inferior as compared to good looking people. This in most cases results in isolation from active social life(Wacker et al.2008). Negative experiences in childhood can cause low self esteem in a person and children easily absorb such negativity and it leads to lasting impact in their minds, Negative experiences influence adults too but the impact is more pronounced in children (Ward,Eastman Ninness 2009). Child Abuse in many people is the reason for their low self-esteem. Most people experience a history of mental and physical abuse in their childhood. Physical abuse can include sexual abuse and can be treated but with mental abuse, it gets deep-rooted and treatment for the same is extremely difficult. People who indulge in child abuse can be relatives, family friends, neighbours, step parents or strangers (Sigelman Rider 2008). An unemployed person feels helpless and incapable. His failure to earn a job and provide income to family creates low self-esteem in him (Drake Myers 2006). 3.1.3. Characteristics of People with low Self-Esteem People with low self-esteem have the following behavioural traits which cannot be noticed vary easily. People with low self-esteem lack self confidence and social skills. This makes them avoid people and social life (Baum 2005). People with negative self-esteem show depressed appearance most of the times and will be disturbed (Skinner 2005). These people can suffer from problems like obesity which arise due to eating disorders. These disorders can be harmful for their health (Skinner 2005). They fail to identify their strengths, capabilities and potential and suffer from negative thoughts (Skinner 2005). Most of the time they take compliments in a negative way and often fear criticism for their acts or work (Baum 2005). They have problem in starting a new task and do not go for taking up new responsibilities. Generally they do not make any effort to do a task as they have great fear that things will be messed up by them (Plotnik 2008). They do not form their own opinions and are afraid to do so for they lack the required confidence (Plotnik 2008). They outlook is pessimistic and life does not in any way enthusiastic for them(Baum 2005). They are not assertive and mostly very timid (Baum 2003). Some of them lose temper quickly and pick up fights (Cantania 2003). Some people with low self-esteem blame others for their problems. They often pick quarrels on trivial issues (Cantania 2003). Short-term cognitive therapy and couselling are helpful for many people to overcome negative self-esteem. 3.2. Key Issue 2 -How negative Experiences are overcome Negative experiences result in lack of self esteem. Life without self-esteem confines a person to a life with less money, less desirable employment, lesser interactive nature and less socialising. Issues leading to low self-esteem are abuse, influence of friends, influence of media and health issues. For this there should be a fair analysis of a persons strengths and weaknesses, support from family and friends apart from church or community affiliation (Skinner 2005). Sometimes negative experiences can influence a person to a greater extent that issues with self esteem become greater. In such a case, professional help is needed for sorting out the persons behaviours, thoughts and feelings. The therapist can provide aid to some extent but change needs to come from within the person. A person should analyse as to why he is feeling so and effort should be made by him to come out of the same (Sigelman rider 2008). A person has to release the negative experiences of his past to experience a higher level of living. Whatever regrets are there in the past, whatever has hurt the person or whatever might be the disappointment, it is time for the person to release these and go ahead. A 5 step procedure can adopted for the same to overcome the negative experiences of ones past (Wacker etal. 2008). Decision making Letting go of the thoughts consciously Shifting thinking from past to present. Practising on focusing on present and living with positive thoughts. Living in the present. Making decision properly is important in a persons life. For every change that happens in life, the change starts with a decision. A person can decide on letting the negative experiences of the past take hold of his life and dictate his present condition or else the person can take control of his decisions and become master over his emotions. Once the person decides on this, the next thing to be shaped is the mindset (Plotnik 2008,Friesen 2005). In the second step, the person should reiterate to himself that he need to release the negative thoughts from his heart and mind and embrace feelings of joy, peace and love. When a conscious decision is made to release the impressions of the negative experiences of the past, a positive energy can be experienced by the person in his body. This makes the person position himself to receive and attract more positive emotions(Plotnik 2008,Friesen 2005). In the third step, the person needs to find positivity in a situation and shift his focus to it. The thinking has to shift from negative experiences in the past towards embracing more positivity. Just like every cloud has a silver lining, one needs to needs to introspect as to what lesson life has taught at that time in past and how one can come out of the imprints from the past. The person should also think of the good this activity does and go ahead (Moxley 2004). In the fourth step, this activity of trying to come out of negative thoughts should be reinforced again and again till it becomes a practice. Just like a toddler learns walking by trying again and again, the person should have a Try again and again, Never give up attitude in driving away the imprints of negative experiences from mind. Let us compare this with learning a new skill like painting. Regular practice improves ones skill at art and hones up his skills. This is because it has become a habit to think of negative experiences with the person ,so it requires determination and regular practice to see positive out of every situation(Drake Myers 2006). The person should say to himself that past cannot be changed and this fact has to be experienced consciously. Many a time there is difficulty on a persons part to differentiate between present and past. We relive over our past experiences by bringing them to present.We relive on these experiences again and again even though the root cause for the negative emotion does not exist anymore or is not currently relevant. One procedure to dealing with these emotions is to conscious understand that these experiences are not happening to oneself immediately and its high time that this is released from mind and should go ahead for a more positive life. It is easier said than done. All that is needed is will power and strong desire to come out of the situation(Denzin Lincoln 2008). In case the emotions from these experiences are too very overwhelming and it is not possible to be away from them, the person can just receive the thought, acknowledge it and release it. This will be difficult at first but if practised regularly becomes a habit. All he needs to do is acknowledge the thought and release it. He should not obstruct it and at the same time he will not think of it. He will simply acknowledge it consciously(Dalgleish, 2004). A person can start writing down about what he likes or dislikes about himself and analyse his list of likes and dislikes. He needs to figure out which one is longer and if his dislikes are realistic and if he has exaggerated his flaws(Cantania 2003). He should also analyse if all his positive points and personality traits, achievements, good physical features and capabilities are honestly listed.Most of the negative thoughts are not consciously noticed by the mind. So it is necessary for the person to slow down the thoughts deliberately and scan them to know what thoughts make the person feel negative. He can question himself as to why he is feel this way at present and what his negative thought is. He should question and introspect as to what triggered the negative thoughts and if the reason for the same is good enough(Skinner 2005). A correct measure as to how genuine the thought is can be the persons answer to the last question. It is suggested that the person should share his fee lings with people close to him or his best friends (Dalgleish, 2004). After this introspection and self questioning it is suggested that the person starts to volunteer and gets himself busy in group work or community program. He can join community events or organizations that interest him. This involvement reduces the time spent on negative ideas. This way the person can start flooding his life with things very positive and with activities which involve interaction. The person can start feeling better in due course(Baum 2005). The person can take interest in personal health and fitness. This reduces time spent on thoughts relating to negative experiences. The person can start reading books on personality improvement and confidence(Baum 2005). 4. Implications of Practice: for Special Needs children 4.1. Review of Research findings on students with Down Syndrome. This part of the article concentrates on review of research findings by Catriona Wilson (2010) as given in her article Self Esteem in Children with Down Syndrome in the Mainstream Classroom apart from inputs from other researchers. The article By Wilson(2010) focusses on self-esteem in children having Down syndrome in mainstream schools compared with a group of developing children in a chronologically age control group and also by comparing with group of children having problem of Generalised Developmental Delay. The perceptions of teachers regarding self-esteem in children were also considered while writing this article. A multi-dimensional scale was used for measuring self esteem. The subscales in this scale were tapped academic competence, social acceptance, physical competence, physical appearance, maternal acceptance. The results showed that children having Down syndrome have good levels of self-esteem which are in some cases at higher level than their developing peers. Also wit h physical indicators of the condition, children with Down syndrome showed increased levels of social acceptance than children with problems of developmental delay. It was found that teachers overestimate self-esteem of children having Down syndrome seeing their peer acceptance. The findings of this research are transformed into various recommendations designed for schools and there were suggestions for future research as well (Wilson 2010). 4.1.1. Self Esteem of Pupils in main stream school The first year at the school is important for the self-esteem development and also adds that if students have low self-esteem, they cannot learn properly. This leads to their consistent failure and underachievement (Lawrence 1996 as cited in Wilson 2010).As a result, schools have good potential to influence students self esteem. Positive feedback by a teacher boosts the self-esteem of the student while negative feedback pulls down the students self esteem (Cosden et al. 2002 as cited in Wilson 2010).As such a teachers primary goal is to build self esteem in the student. This issue which was given insufficient attention earlier were given due recognition in the latest National Curriculum Framework for PHSE. This needed standardisation across schools. More specifically children having Special Educational Needs (SEN) are found to have considerably lesser self-esteem than their peers (La Greca Stone 1990 as cited in Wilson 2010).But apart from mentioning this finding, the issue was not a ddressed by the National curriculum. 4.1.2. Self Esteem for SSEN children Students with learning disabilities have to receive lot of negative messages from their childhood right from the time of their birth and that continues even in their school life as they have to bear with stereotypical and negative attitudes towards them. This makes life tough for children with learning disabilities. The SSEN students have to face with problems of social acceptance, awareness of differences with other students and academic failure (Cosden et al.2002 as cited in Wilson 2010). Also placing these students in special classes may have negative effect on their self esteem. But Beltempo Achille(1990 as cited in Wilson 2010) found that a combination of mainstream and special education will be very benefic for the SSEN students. Apart from this, there are differences in self-esteem for children falling the group of learning disabled and the chances that this group is homogeneous are very less (Denzin Lincoln 2008,Sigelman Rider 2008, Cosden et al.2002 as cited in Wilson 2010) . Down Syndrome is a genetic condition that arises with the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and can be said to be the perceptible reason for learning disability in both children and adults (Roizen Patterson 2003 as cited in Wilson 2010).Children with Down syndrome (DS) can be easily identified by their physical features and the children with DS develop slowly than their peers and tend to stay at each step in development for a longer time. This leads to an expanding gap with children with DS and their peers. The problems with learning range from mild to severe and also students have problems with language, speech, memory and reading (Liptak 2008).As against the common notion that individuals with DS are good-natured and cheerful, there are serious problems like impulsivity, hyperactivity and attention seeking (Parens Asch 2003).Earlier, there used to be notion that the problem with Down syndrome is genetic and recognizing the same helped to eliminate the outlook that children with DS should be sent to separate institutions and led to the concept of inclusive education for these students. 4.1.3. Modification of Classroom For younger children with DS, chairs and desks are needed to be evaluated for ensuring good posture. Platforms and stools can be provided so that childrens feet can rest on them and do not reach the ground. Cushions can be used in chairs in case more height is needed for the child to raise to the table. For ensuring proper grasp with writing, pencil grips can be used. Modification of scissors with springs is needed for these students to help them operate easily. Also there should be modification to recess activities and physical education for these pupils (CarrolAnnMc5 2010,Wilson 2010). 4.1.4. Location of DS children in the Classroom The placement of children with DS in a classroom assumes significance because these children often suffer from hearing loss which ranges form mild to moderate. It is necessary to ensure that these children are located nearer to para educator or teacher for listening to lectures and instructions. The pupils can be placed at a place where they can concentrate well without distraction. This place should be used rarely to improve concentration of the child. Greater use of this area for classroom can make the child feel isolated, so this place should be used cautiously (Wilson 2010). 4.1.5. Helping students with DS to understand Classroom Instruction The vocabulary that the child requires for classroom participation to understand and interpret the lessons should be introduced. It should be ensured that the child learns the key concepts well before the lesson is taught and is provided with the required learning tools. The level of the childs knowledge should be assessed and the vocabulary and curriculum should be modified accordingly. Students with DS learn more visually. Also students should be taught concepts and instructions orally apart from teaching through diagrams, pictures and visual cues. Children can be made to repeat instructions so that they can understand lessons. Students with DS might be given shortened assignments or they can be given extra time for the completion of assignments to help them complete the assignments (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010). 4.1.6. Making children with DS to learn from their peers Children with DS are friendly and sociable and learn well by imitating their peers. So inclusion of these pupils as part of a peer group can thin down their feeling of isolation. This way peer modelling can help students with DS. It is always helpful to let the child observe their peers and learn doing a difficult task and reduces their isolation. Children without DS are also benifitted with this interaction as they start learning to accept their peers with DS and it increases their awareness (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010). 4.1.7.Behaviour Management of Children with DS Positive feedback can work wonders with children with Down syndrome. Effort should be made to provide positive feedback for good behaviour and the results of negative behaviour should be clearly explained to students. Also there should be good communication between the childs parents and school in case of children with DS and a daily report can be submitted to parents with daily activities, progress, behaviour and lessons taught recorded in the journal (CarrolAnnMc5 2010, Wilson 2010). 4.2. Music Education to Children with Handicaps Handicapped children are referred to as special needs children. Music enriches their lives. With the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the subsequent amendments made under the Section 504(CarolAnnMC5 2010),the issues pertaining to the learning environment of special needs student have to be addressed by the district schools. Additionally assistance through technology was to be provided for pupils under the Disabilities Act for providing response to consumers through a delivery system in every State and also to the families with these pupils. Assistive devices are prepared and Individualised Education Plan (IEP) for each special needs child is to be prepared by greater interaction between educators and parents. All educators working closely with Special Needs Children including the music educator are to be part of IEP meetings (CarrolAnnMc5 2010). Equal benefits are not offered by Music Education and Music Therapy for the special needs child though both of them play significant role in overall development and growth as per the views from professionals in these fields. While music therapy aims to improve the pupils health, music education focuses on teaching music. In some school settings, music programs are used for getting positive goals. Inclusion of various adaptive instruments such as switches enables these students to work at their own level and also work in a group setting. Velcro bands and assistive computer program